European Telecommunications Policy on Liberalisation

atomic recite 63an Tele converses polity on Liberalisation anchoringThis paper critic completelyy discusses the European telecommunications indemnity which is mainly think to liberalise all telecommunications goods and run. Telecommunications insurance insurance is concerned with fixed teleph hotshot network, telephone (voice) good, other(a) advantage establish on the telephone network, mobile telephony and electronic information network run such as the internet. conversations technologies work serve as a vital link between industry, the work sector and marketplace as well as between marginal areas and economic centres.1 at that place is therefore no question as to the importance of having a telecommunications policy in place to ensure industrial competitiveness and economic and social coherency. What cigaretnot, however, escape comment is the kind of telecommunications policy informd in Europe by the European Union.Background informationEuropean telecommunicati ons policy started with a Council Decision and proclamation on standardisation of in the athletic field of information technology which was adopted in 1987.2 The aim of the Decision and Resolution was to create a European market in telecommunications equipment. This was meant to ensure that controversy prevails across particle states and alike to ensure exchange of information, the convergence of industrial strategies and the creation of exploitation of a vast European information technologies and telecommunications market. A directing was issued in 1999 to establish a atomic number 53 market for communicate equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment. The Directive in addition prescribes the mutual recognition of their conformity based on the principle of the manufacturers declaration.3In order to gain ground in creating a single market in telecommunications service it was effected that telecommunications markets had to be liberated so that user would be equal to (p) to secure and connect terminal equipment without the duty of applying to a single content telecommunications permit. To this end, penis states are therefore required to bring an end excusive and special rights be in the telecommunications, the restrictions on the installations used for mobile networks as well as the interconnection between such networks. Suppliers of telecommunications operate are similarly empower to use capacity on line of reasoning television networks for all communications services, main data communications, closed corporate networks and multimedia services. Complete loosening of voice telephony and telecommunications infrastructure was are intended to be straind. theme governory authorities are also required to pass to the culture of the field market by way of co-operation with each other and with the missionary station to ensure the consistent application in all member states.In 2002, a Directive4 was issued for the establishment of a har monised regulatory modelling for electronic communications networks and services throughout the European Union. The Directive takes account of all electronic communications networks and services within it scope. The electronic communications networks and services include transmissions system and routing equipment as well as other resources which stand the conveyance of signals by wire, by wire little, by optical or by other electromagnetic means. They also include satellites networks, fixed and mobile-terrestrial networks, electricity cable system networks used for radio and television broadcasting, and cable television networks.There is also what is know as the telecoms package under which four specialised directives were issued. integrity of these Directives concerns access. It is intended to succeed a framework for rules that are relevant to item products or service markets in particular geographical area. It is also intended to address identified market problems between access and interconnection suppliers.5 For example, it gives operators of public communications a right and also impose obligation on them to negotiate interconnection with each other for the purpose of providing publically available electronic communications services, so as to ensure homework and interoperability of services throughout the European community. one of the specific Directives also concerns authorisation. It is intended to enforce an internal market in electronic communications networks and services through the harmonisation and simplification of authorisation rules and conditions in order to urge on their prep throughout the community. 6 The Directive requires member states to ensure the freedom to provide electronic networks and services, subject to certain conditions set out in the Directive. ingredient states are therefore obliged not to prevent an undertaking from providing electronic communications networks or services without proper reasons.7 The Directive also stipulates that the ecumenic authorisation system should apply to all such services and networks find outless of their technological characteristics and should limit administrative barriers to entry into the market to a minimum. some other of the specific Directives concerns universal service and users. It is intended to ensure universal service provision for public telephony services in an environment of greater overall competitiveness, with provisions for financing the cost of providing a universal service in the most competitively neutral manner and for ensuring a utmost of information transparency.8 Also, the Directive is intended to ensue the interoperability of digital consumer television equipment and the provision of certain mandatory services. Further more(prenominal), the Directive establishes the rights of users and consumers of electronic communications service.The fourth specific Directive concerns the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector.9 It harmonises the provision of member states required to ensure an equivalent level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and in particular the right to privacy. It also ensures the free movement of such data and of electronic communication equipment and services in the community.There is an axis of the European telecommunications policy called the technological cultivation in telecommunications, which is pursued by research in advanced communication technologies and services. European research technological breeding policy is directed towards strengthen the scientific and technological basis of community industry and encouraging it to do more competitive at international level, bandage promoting all the research activities considered necessary by virtue of other chapters of the Treaty.10 Other axis is known as trans-European telecommunications network. The networks are national digital networks which aim to introduce innova tive trans-European services in the general interest. They also aim to contribute to the development of the information ships comp each in legal injury of growth, employment, social cohesion and participation for all in he knowledge-based economy.11Assessment of the policyThe European telecommunications policy is give tongue to to direct contributed greatly to the development of the telecommunication industry.12 A member of the European Union Commission responsible for information society and media also claims that good implementation of the EU framework is digesting off. EU countries that move over apply the EU rules in a timely and expeditious manner, following the principle of challenger, have clearly achieved the best results in terms of enthronisation in new networks and take-up of new innovative services It is rare for issues to arise where social justice and economic reality go hand in hand. I believe this is the case for the discipline Society. each countries gi ve have to liberalise their telecom networks in the end. This is unavoidable. Those that fight against it a good deal do so in the name of social justice. They argue that loosening will reduce economic and social cohesion. The rich will endure richer and the poor will be poorer. However, there is no inherent dispute between liberalisation and social justice in the field of the Information Society.13 check to the Commissioner, Variations of regulatory approach are today an obstacle to the internal market and to effective opposition If a national regulator in country A applies the EU rules vigorously to the operators on its market, while the national regulator in country B adopts a more lenient policy towards the dominant operator by adopting remedies later or in a less economical way, this gives companies in country B an unfair competitive advantage over companies in country A. In Europes internal market, this is unacceptable. The Commissioner expressed belief that the Commis sion should be able to ensure consistency in remedies proposed by national regulators to enhance competition in market dominated by one or more operators. This, the Commissioner said was a logical adjunct to the Commissions rate of flow role as regards market definitions and market power assessments.The Commission has common chord functions within the telecommunications area the promotion of European telecommunications policy regulation of competition and as a watchdog on the application of the Treaty of Rome. The commissioners remarks show that the aim of the policy has not been fully achieved. It is correct to conjecture that, the European telecommunication policy has its shortcomings. First of all, one wonders how a policy which has separate national regulators for each member country can be said to be effective. There is no doubt that if the EU wants to achieve a real level playing field where telecommunication operators can compete satisfactorily with one another then there moldiness be an individual telecommunications authority whose duty would be to ensure efficient implementation of the rules across member states. Such an authority would have the authority to require national regulators to co-operate with it. It is argued that the creation of a centralised authority was successfully prevented by member states even though centralisation was regarded as a necessary step in the process of liberalisation and promotion of an combine enfrastructure.14 One criticism directed at the policy is that the regulatory regime has evolved which is framed and instructed by European guidelines but varies from member state to member state in several respects without a short-term or medium-term perspective to converge on a single regulatory model.15Alabau (2006) also argues that one does not have to analyse it very hard to fancy that what the Commission wanted to do was simply to impose a single European licence, making services subject to the same policy that it a pplied to the free movement of goods. That was why the Framework Directive referred to Article 8 of the Treaty. In his view, the Member States were not going to give way on the mutual recognition of licences. Granting licences for operating telecommunications services in their territory be an area of sovereignty that they simply were not prepared to give up. This situation, which index have made sense in the case of value added services, verged on the unreasonable when the decision to liberalise voice telephony services and infrastructures was made.16It was revealed during the EU telecom conference in Geneva in 1999 a number of issues could be identified. The first was the detail of independence enjoyed by national regulators. At a minimum, regulated authorities must be independent of the telecommunications operator(s) if any liberalisation of services is to be successful. Competitors should not enter a market unless the dominant operator is subject to independent regulation to e nsure that monopoly services are provided to competitors at a price that allows them to compete effectively. Second, it was observed that that the progress that has been made in many market segments, incumbents still for the most part dominate national markets. The biggest problem in this respect is their overwhelming self-confidence in local access networks. Some member states are believed to have already responded to this by forcing the incumbent to unbundle the local loop. Third, wide variations in the degree of competition between Member States are inevitable, given their different showtime points. However, this is also the result of differences in the regulatory framework, which in some areas is not consistently applied.It is for European Commission to set an overall telecommunications policy framework in the distribution of licenses. The duty of the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) was to implement such objectives through specific legislative measures. All member sta tes awarded more than one license in accordance with EU competition rules. However, while some states preferred to award licence through auction, others opted for what is known as the beauty contest. There are a number of flaws associated with any of these options.In any member state where auctioning was preferred, it emerged that the auctioning was problematic. The licence fee is said to be passing high. The danger of an open-ended auction is that the companies, in nerve-racking to outdo each other, will drive up the costs pitiablely.i The ridiculous costs of licenses may generate a chain of events with profound implications on 3G services and on overall economic welfare. One argument against auctioning states that collect to the high cost of spectrum, telcos are forced to pass these costs on to consumers via higher prices, which in turn, retards the development of mobile data services cod to lower mobile uptake by consumers). Ultimately, the deceleration in development will have wide-ranging implications for national economies as a self-coloured.17 auctioneers is also said to favour well-capitalised incumbent telcos which can afford to pay high premiums for spectrum, while smaller, possibly more innovative telcos who may be able to develop products faster while providing it at a rectify service, are left out due to capital constraints. Consequently, fewer competitors will exist in the market, keeping prices higher and products and services less innovative.18 With regard to licence fee, the British Government has been criticised. It observed that higher prices to the consumer and the threat of investment stifling in 3G networks were both risks that might delay the rollout of 3G services and ultimately, adversely affect a countrys economic development. Many governments, including Ireland, have chosen not to use an auction to avoid the aforementioned risks.According to Professor Peter Cramton from the University of Maryland, beauty contests suffer from several problems. First, they are extremely slow and wasteful.19 Second, beauty contests lack transparency. It is difficult to see why one proposal won out over another. Worse yet, the ability of the regulator to successfully identify the best proposals is limited.ii The Radio communications Agency, which manages the UKs radio spectrum, admits it considered various options for 28GHz, including a beauty contest. But in a state on the two processes, it concluded that with a beauty contest it would be difficult to keep the selection procedure 1) objective, 2) non-discriminatory and 3) transparent, as required by the EC Licensing Directive.20It argued that the danger of utilizing beauty contests as a basis for delegate licenses for 3G mobile networks is that the criteria may be decided by subjectively biased national factors that may prejudice open decision making.21ConclusionIt will be unfair to say that the European telecommunications policy has not achieved any success. One may to a large extent agree with the assertion that the policy has contributed greatly the development of the telecommunication industry. However, as seen above, the policy is far from perfect. The built-in blame cannot be shifted to the European Commission. The unwillingness on the part of member states to have an independent European telecommunications authority has contributed to the problem. Having identified this as a problem herself, the EU Commissioner responsible for information society and media stated at the 2006 European Competitive Telecommunications Association conference that the most effective and less bureaucratic way to achieve a real level plying ground field for telecom operators was to replace the present system by an independent authority that will act like European Central Bank. One cannot but only that in future member states will hear the need to have such a system in place.ReferencesChapman, Matt. Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to fix Telcos, Network News ,Sep 6, 2000Eliassen, Kjell, A. and Sjovaag, Marit. European Communication Liberalisation. LondonRoutledge. 1999Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,Europe The encase for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang,explosive detection system, Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in Telecommunications constitution research. Mahwah, New jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20.Reding, Viviane, criticism of the EU Telecom Rules Strengthening Competition and Completingthe intrinsic market place. 27 June 200http//europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/422Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization New Research Agendas.Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 20Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy auctionsversus Beauty ContestsFootnotes1 Moussis, Nicholas, Access to European Union Law, Economic Policies. Rixensart, Belgium European.Union run2 Repealed, see Council Decision (1999/468 EC)3 Directive 1999/5/EC4 Directive 2002/21/ EC5 Directive 2002/19/EC6 Directive 2002?20/ EC7 The reasons are set out in Article 46(1) of the Treaty8 Directive 2002/22/EC9 Directive 2002/58/EC10 Decision 182/1999/EC11 Decision 336/97/EC12 Liikanen, Erkki, Telecom 1999 Conference, Geneva, 1999. 07 August 2007. http//ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_1999_2004/liikanen/media/speeches/19991010.htm13 Reding, Viviane, Review of the EU Telecom Rules Strengthening Competition and Completing theInternal Market. 27 June 2006. http//europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/42214Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,Europe The Case for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang, eds,Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in TelecommunicationsPolicy Research . Mahwah, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20.15Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization New Research Agendas.Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 2016 Alabau, Antonio, European Union and its Electronic Communications Policy xxx Years In Perspective17Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy auctions versus BeautyContests18 Ibid.19 Even with streamlined hearings, it took the FCC an average of two old age to award thirty cellular licenses. CompetitorsSpend vast sums trying to influence the regulators decision (Peter Cramton 2001).20Chapman, Matt. Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to Haunt Telcos, Network News, Sep 6, 200021 Telecoms Standards Approvals Review, 3G Licensing France to Use Selection Process, Jun 20, 2000iii