Madeliene Leininger

Nursing Theorist M. Leininger Culture billing Theory Nursing Theorist Madeliene Leininger Culture C ar Theory Madeliene Leininger was born(p) in Sutton, Nebraska in 1925. In her early life she lived with her brothers and sisters on her fathers farm. She received her high school in complianceation from Scholastica College. She furthered her fosterage at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her breeding she became the starting time headmaster nurse to complete a PhD on anthropology. out-of-pocket to the broader undertake in her education, she became the first to bring know guidege of anthropology and nurse unitedly to develop the concept of transethnical breast feeding as an area of essay necessary in the breast feeding theatre. She developed the Culture solicitude variation and Universality Theory with special focus at ending portion out. To date, referable to the uniqueness of her perspective this possibility is wontd crosswise the world. She developed the theory in 1978 when she effected the first caring search conference in which she established the ethno nurse method of research.Leininger conducted the first transcultural consider in the field of research in the 1960s while she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of spick-and-span Guinea. After publishing her first book in the field of transcultural treat, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger focused at enhancing emic, generic and etic professional aid through with(predicate) establishing their similarities and differences to prevent possible gaps and conflicting areas which are non therapeutic to nodes. part her prowess in the field of trouble for developed, she established the Transcultural Nursing Society as the organization that officially governed the saucy line of business. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first journal of transcultural treat and became the editor. Due to her progressive performance in the discipline of transcultural treat she has received many honors and outstanding awards. Her significant worldwide breakthrough in encouraging advancement of health discipline has lead to her nomi dry land for a Nobel Prize.Based on the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, Leininger tries to run and predict similarities in nursing and inseparable differences which are focused at human rush and cultures. The theory pays no attention to medical symptom, diseases and interposition just focuses on the methods of approach to upkeep that gives significance to the person to whom the concern is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give veneration to wad with cultural differences in lifestyles and value. Training nurses in this field enables them to aim complaint suitable to the people world administered.Due to focus on node nurse inter m apion the approach places the client at a better position of receiving better care and attention than when the medical approach to care is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve non however different regards of individual but also communities, collections, families and institutions (Andrews & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Boyle, 2007). Her first work in Culture Care Theory is called the Sunrise Enabler which offers the abstract framework and guides a systematic study to the varied dimensions of the theory.This model is different in that it identifies one-third activities which include identification of the goals of nursing by addressing client oriented practices assessing cultural factors affecting the care to the client and making attach judgment about the event making decision about the measures to be taken and taking action as influenced by the cultural setting. The model uses information attained through research that identifies areas of congruence among cultures and nursing care especially in cultural values, lifestyles and beliefs of the client.In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other four nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health disputation that nursing is both a profession and discipline and therefore the terminal figure nursing cannot adequately explain the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as make of compassion, interest and concern for people. In this, concept care becomes central bodily process, the overabundant and distinct unifying factor.Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for earnest health progress even when a client faces challenges such as handicaps or even when sick to the take aim of death. Thirdly, the healing of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is characterized by universalness of service delivery, which is holistic and offers explanation to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006).Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs within a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to specific patterns of behavior distinguishing each nightclub from another. accord to transcultural scholars culture is distinguished by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as the lifeways of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices (Leininger 1997, 38).She says that culture is an entity of a group of people which is transmitted across generations or across groups of members of the participation. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be good, there is indigence to consider t he ethnohistorical factors of the client, which hold a great value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors help in understanding the environmental context which involves the socio governmental, ecological and cultural setting.In order to effectively make use of the ethnohistory of a community she calls for proper understanding of past occurrences of an individual and community which in one way or another influences a peoples lifeways. All the environmental factors give sense to the overall subject matter of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below Educational factors Technological factors Religious & philosophical factors human relationship & Social factors Environmental Context, Language & ethnohistory Cultural values, beliefs and lifeways policy-making & Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns & practices Holistic wellness/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors 1. Technological factors engineering has been an essential element in offering nursing care.Development of engineering has enhanced efficiency in operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the character reference of go offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. Application of modern engine room enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a demeanor that creates congruence with the cultural values of a particular hostelry. However, if technology does not support the cultural values of clients society the nursing care offered whitethorn fail to succeed as required.Even when there is an attempt to for m a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there whitethorn live differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts Understanding cultural values entrenched in the peoples religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. Across the world people view religion as an intrinsic part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a healthy society.In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society warnmine how the client responds to care. In some instances, the philosophical doctrine whitethorn help develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects whitethorn act as a handicap if active measures are not taken into consideration in identifying the inherent gaps and the peoples ideological foundation. Therefore, there is a subscribe to to study the philosophical el ements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3.Environmental factors These include kindly factors and kinship cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and legal factors. The social factors include the issues surrounding the families or members of the community in their day to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritionary values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, some cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a grandr society from have some nutritional components, such as animal proteins.In such situations understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer similar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a det errent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the policy development, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care while preventing others.Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the expected target situation in nursing care and the available opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors Delivery of proper nursing care is helpless on the economic potential of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation.The activities conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capability of many clients. In this case, the target population may fail to approach path the nursing care services (Center for the field of battle of Multiculturalism and healt h Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the degree of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the peoples economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging.The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the comprehensive nursing care, opting to channel the funds to other development activities. For instance, the ongoing united States comprehensive care debate is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991).The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the sum up of national spending. 5. Educational factors The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues t hat comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that would necessitate fill up the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care.In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less conflict with the communitys cultural values and and so increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly bear on on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). Increased levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery.The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even getting much more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher & Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the role that the approach played after the terrible terrorist flak catcher of September 11, 2001 in United States.In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive behind increased hatred which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of innocent people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has been applied in broader and holistic manner in efforts to crack and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a basis of research in the fast developing discipline of transcultural nursing.This research has been useful in enriching the discipline with content for which it is stepwise transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus contributing to a healthier population across cultural divide. Notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research lapse the full use as nurses trained in this field endure to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991).In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on the societys cultural and social structural dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central position especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. & Boyle, J. (2007). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lipp incott Williams & Wilkins. Bolsher, S. & Pharris, M. (2008). Transforming Nursing Education The Culturally inclusive Environment. Springer Publishing Company.Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing & health official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality A theory ofnursing. New York National group discussion for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing research method. daybook of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51.